2014年6月26日 星期四

Enumeration on Scala and Java

用途

Enumeration 通常用在所謂的狀態值或者屬性,這些值的特性通常都是由多個固定值組成,且不允許工程師任意自行添加新的值。
Ex: Database 有個欄位 is_valid ,設定只能是 01,在程式的寫作過程,就不允許工程師使用或修改成其他值(ex: 2),以免造成資料庫資料的錯亂。
要避免上述的情況發生,就是限制工程師,也因此就有了 Enumeration

最簡單的 Enumeration

Java 版

  • Source
      public enum DirectionJava {
        TOP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT;
      }
    
  • javap -p
      Compiled from "DirectionJava.java"
      public final class DirectionJava extends java.lang.Enum<DirectionJava> {
        public static final DirectionJava TOP;
        public static final DirectionJava DOWN;
        public static final DirectionJava LEFT;
        public static final DirectionJava RIGHT;
        private static final DirectionJava[] $VALUES;
        public static DirectionJava[] values();
        public static DirectionJava valueOf(java.lang.String);
        private DirectionJava();
        static {};
      }
    
在 Java 使用 enum 這個 keyword 來宣告即可。從 Java Bytecode 可以發現,其實 enum 底層本身是個 final class, 也因此 enum 不能再繼承其他的 class (Java 是單一繼承)。 Constructor 設計成 private,所以工程師不能隨意自行產生值,只能使用內定的值或 null

Scala 版本

  • Source
      object DirectionScala extends Enumeration {
        val Top, Down, Left, Right = Value
      }
    
  • scalap -private
      object DirectionScala extends scala.Enumeration {
        def this() = { /* compiled code */ }
        val Top : scala.Enumeration.Value = { /* compiled code */ }
        val Down : scala.Enumeration.Value = { /* compiled code */ }
        val Left : scala.Enumeration.Value = { /* compiled code */ }
        val Right : scala.Enumeration.Value = { /* compiled code */ }
      }
    
  • javap -p DirectionScala
      Compiled from "DirectionScala.scala"
      public final class DirectionScala {
        public static scala.Enumeration$Value Right();
        public static scala.Enumeration$Value Left();
        public static scala.Enumeration$Value Down();
        public static scala.Enumeration$Value Top();
        public static scala.Enumeration$Value withName(java.lang.String);
        public static scala.Enumeration$Value apply(int);
        public static int maxId();
        public static scala.Enumeration$ValueSet values();
        public static java.lang.String toString();
      }
    
  • javap -p DirectionScala\$.class
      public static final DirectionScala$ MODULE$;
        private final scala.Enumeration$Value Top;
        private final scala.Enumeration$Value Down;
        private final scala.Enumeration$Value Left;
        private final scala.Enumeration$Value Right;
        public static {};
        public scala.Enumeration$Value Top();
        public scala.Enumeration$Value Down();
        public scala.Enumeration$Value Left();
        public scala.Enumeration$Value Right();
        private DirectionScala$();
    
Scala 的 Enumeration 跟 Java 的很類似,但 Scala 的內定值型別是 Enumeration.Values, 它本身是個 abstract classEnumeration 內有一個實作的 class: protected class Val,如果需要自定 Enumeration 時,就會需要繼承這個 class。

進階版

使用 Java 說明文件上的 Planet 範例

Java 版

public enum Planet {
    MERCURY (3.303e+23, 2.4397e6),
    VENUS   (4.869e+24, 6.0518e6),
    EARTH   (5.976e+24, 6.37814e6),
    MARS    (6.421e+23, 3.3972e6),
    JUPITER (1.9e+27,   7.1492e7),
    SATURN  (5.688e+26, 6.0268e7),
    URANUS  (8.686e+25, 2.5559e7),
    NEPTUNE (1.024e+26, 2.4746e7);

    private final double mass;   // in kilograms
    private final double radius; // in meters
    Planet(double mass, double radius) {
        this.mass = mass;
        this.radius = radius;
    }
    private double mass() { return mass; }
    private double radius() { return radius; }

    // universal gravitational constant  (m3 kg-1 s-2)
    public static final double G = 6.67300E-11;

    double surfaceGravity() {
        return G * mass / (radius * radius);
    }
    double surfaceWeight(double otherMass) {
        return otherMass * surfaceGravity();
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        if (args.length != 1) {
            System.err.println("Usage: java Planet <earth_weight>");
            System.exit(-1);
        }
        double earthWeight = Double.parseDouble(args[0]);
        double mass = earthWeight/EARTH.surfaceGravity();
        for (Planet p : Planet.values())
           System.out.printf("Your weight on %s is %f%n",
                             p, p.surfaceWeight(mass));
    }
}

Scala 版

Scala 實作的方式很多,網路上都找得到,以下是我自己寫的版本。
object Planets extends Enumeration {

  val G: Double = 6.67300E-11

  final case class Planet private[Planets] (mass: Double, radius: Double) extends Val {
    def surfaceGravity(): Double = G * mass / (radius * radius)
    def surfaceWeight(otherMass: Double): Double = otherMass * surfaceGravity()
  }

  val Mercury = Planet(3.303e+23, 2.4397e6)
  val Venus = Planet(4.869e+24, 6.0518e6)
  val Earth = Planet(5.976e+24, 6.37814e6)
  val Mars = Planet(6.421e+23, 3.3972e6)
  val Jupiter = Planet(1.9e+27,   7.1492e7)
  val Saturn = Planet(5.688e+26, 6.0268e7)
  val Uranus = Planet(8.686e+25, 2.5559e7)
  val Neptune = Planet(1.024e+26, 2.4746e7)


  def main(args: Array[String]) {
    require(args.length == 1, "Usage: java Planet <earth_weight>")

    val earthWeight = args(0).toDouble  
    val mass = earthWeight / Planets.Earth.surfaceGravity

    Planets.values.foreach(p => println("Your weight on %s is %f%n".format(p, p.asInstanceOf[Planet].surfaceWeight(mass))))
  }

}
重點在繼承 Enumeration.Val,由於 Scala 的 values 沒有 generic 的功能,所以需要做轉型,不過 Enumeration 的 values 功能很少用,所以不用太在意。

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